Обсуждение:Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān

Journal of the American Oriental Society

A response to Andrew Rippin’s review of The Integrated Encyclopedia of Qurʾān, Volume I, published in Journal of the American Oriental Society 136.1 (2016), pp. 222-225.

University of Victoria Professor Emeritus of Islamic History and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute of Ismaili Studies in London Andrew Rippin’s review of the first volume of the Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān (IEQ) describes it as “sumptuous and carefully produced,” “an impressive beginning”, and “a considerable contribution to the study of the Quran” (p. 222 par. 1). His review goes downhill from there. In the process he appeals to a purported shared understanding of the nature of academic scholarship on Islam and makes serious charges that give pause and warrant scrutiny, which this response is meant to be.

Rippin asserts that IEQ “does not participate in all the norms of academic work” (p. 222 par. 1) and “does not partake of the cumulative nature of the academic enterprise” (p. 223 par. 4). This critique is alarming because of the assumption on which it is based: that serious scholarship on Islam is defined by Orientalism sine qua non. That is, the historical tradition of knowledgeproduction is primarily vested in the culture of Western institutions of higher education. Such a bias shows lack of awareness of another view that considers Orientalism an elaborate syllabus of errors in which are occasionally found pearls. There is unquestionably another, independent and older scholarly tradition on Islam that is arguably more authoritative, and that it should have been the focus of every academe to study and convey with utmost transparency, because it has its own unexplored trove of insights. However, while Orientalism has vastly capitalized on that tradition, it has also actively occulted it in order to pass itself off as original knowledge; worse, it has distorted it in order to make it say the opposite of what it actually says, for a variety of reasons. This is what projects like IEQ are good at debunking and this is why the tightly held industry is expected to chafe.

Rippin’s presumptions about academic neo-Orientalism being the guardian of serious scholarship on Islam also emerge from the penultimate paragraph of the review: “Academic scholarship… aims for as broad an audience as possible, meaning that all readers should be able to feel addressed within the discourse… the language employed should not exclude anyone…. Academic writing is directed to a community of scholars defined by their sharing in an academic discourse [emphasis added], not by their membership in a religious community… which such absence of ‘agnosticism’ conveys” (p. 225 par. 1). I have italicized the lapalissade in the last sentence as a classic example of a circular platitude (“we are agnostic writers because we all agree to write agnostic writings”) where the endogamy of the Orientalist industry is proudly displayed right under the reader’s nose. It also escaped the reviewer that he had claimed, only five lines before, that academic scholarship was neither elitist nor clannish (this is the nearest he comes to admitting a universal ethical and moral role to scholarship). As for scholarly agnosticism and all readers feeling included, it is as if he had no idea that Orientalism had specialized in excluding countless generations of readers from its discourse, and leaving plenty feeling violated as well. From Ludovico Marracci’s (d. 1700) pan- European summa of anti-Qur’an commentary to Helmut Gätje’s (d. 1986) The Qur’an and Its Exegesis with its identical brazen suggestions that the Prophet was a master Biblical plagiarist and docetic syncretist, to the first statement about Hadith and its transmission chains I ever heard from my former teacher at Columbia the late Jeanette Wakin (d. 1998) as being “all made up from the bottom up,” nothing has changed. Think also of the historical responsibility of Orientalism in helping to shape policies and agendas that were detrimental to one specific religious community.

Rippin accuses IEQ of lacking complexity again and again (p. 222 par. 3, p. 223 par. 4, p. 224 par. 2, p. 225 par. 2). He objects that “the contents… rarely reflect any sense of historical development within the understanding of a unified ‘Islamic tradition’ [his quotes]… for the most part… presented as an undifferentiated, singular entity” (p. 222 par. 2) instead of addressing the “complexities,” the “sometimes mutually contradictory statements” (p. 222 par. 3). “IEQ tends to take a monolithic view of the Islamic heritage” (p. 225 par. 2). These are sweeping accusations that are hardly substantiated by the examples he gives, which show resistance to IEQ methodology, a poor reading of the text under review and a selective understanding of Qurʾānic concepts as the next paragraph illustrates.

Rippin views the fact that IEQ did not include human beings in its discussion of animals in the Qurʾān as a “speciesist” offence (p. 223 par. 5) However, no commentator or lexicographer has argued, on the basis of the ḥaqīqa lughawiyya of the Qurʾānic term dābba (“earth-crawler”), for a subitemization of human beings, jinns and angels under the category of dawābb in the sense of animals. Furthermore, a qualified speciesism is certainly found in the Qurʾānic concepts of taskhīr and khilāfa among others; linguistic commentators pointed out that ʿālamīn in the Fātiḥa is a personalized plural (instead of the expected ʿawālim) for that very reason. He faults IEQ for not contextualizing the relationship of ablutionary acts in attitudes towards bodies (p. 224 par. 2), but such notions of historical subjectivism are peripheral to, and arguably outside Islamic scholarship proper; the entry “Ablution” is certainly complete without indulging them. He states, “In the entry ‘Abu Lahab’ the theological problems of the mention of a historical person in an eternal text receives [sic] no consideration” (p. 224, par. 2) but it appears he overlooked the entry “Ability” 50 pages up, which does discuss Abu Lahab and similar cases within the Ashʿarī and Māturīdī codification of the concept of istiṭāʿa in precisely the terms he brings up. He continues, “The topic of foreign vocabulary in the Quran is acknowledged—for example in the entry ‘Animal’ [sic] under the subsection ‘Lion’—but there is no attempt to discuss its merits or to investigate it through contemporary philological considerations.” This criticism is also out of place, because the already oversized entry “Animals” would not be the right place to treat the muʿarrab of the Qurʾān, which surely warrants its own category, especially given its extensive considerations in actual Qurʾānic scholarship long before we turn to contemporary considerations. All in good time.

Rippin refuses to accept the main tenet of the raison d’être of IEQ, which he finds to be exclusionary of readers who do not hold Muslim beliefs. His proposed solution is to alter the style of IEQ: he suggests that all its main statements be subordinated to the premise “Most Muslims have understood that....” (p. 225 par. 1); but his whole review up to that point is an acknowledgment that the introduction to IEQ has already made this point abundantly clear. The critical mass of mainstream cumulative scholarship known as ʿilm more than amply justifies IEQ’s sourcing methodology and the organization (and hierarchy) of its scholarship. Yet for Rippin, what is not acceptable as the philosophical premise underlying the entire work becomes acceptable as a stylistic caveat emptor using the most dubious distancing quotation marks possible. He raises the astonishing complaint that “Particular knowledge based on the Quran and the Sunna is suggested to be needed in order to counter the sense of being confounded when confronted with the complexities of those classical sources and their sometimes mutually contradictory statements” (p. 222 par. 3). It is as if IEQ’s axiomatic view of the necessity of solid knowledge of and prerequisite grounding in the Islamic disciplines for any Qurʾānic scholarship worthy of the name must be problematized as some unscholarly subterfuge designed to evade complexity. Alternately, IEQ is being reprimanded for too cohesive and straightforward a picture of the Islamic knowledge tradition and its contents: it should have indulged the market’s demand for peripheral themes, disharmony, absurdity. In the review’s penultimate paragraph he scoffs at IEQ’s sourcing methodology as a case of “the older the better” (p. 225 par. 2) after having previously made light of IEQ’s madhhab-bound sourcing as “slott[ing] into intellectual categories of later construction (Ashʿarī, Ḥanafī etc.)” (p. 222 par. 2): here IEQ is either antiquated or newfangled. The same paragraph shows his lack of understanding of scholarly khilāf as khilāf muʿtabar, not just any wild dissent and bizarrerie in the history of Islam.

Biased as it is, Rippin’s review is nevertheless helpful. He critiques from the very perspective that IEQ is warning against and which he insists is the only valid one. The pulpit of an Orientalism born out of medieval heresiography, morphing into missionarism then colonial littérature de surveillance then area studies still has its preachers to the choir; but from the perspective IEQ has defined as its own, such fault-finding is a confirmation that IEQ is on the right track. There is an Orientalist EI, an Orientalist EQ, now even a syncretist “Study Quran;” let there be a ʿUlematic IEQ as a work that keeps faith with the field’s oldest standards, a work that refuses to put everything on a par and in which there is a qualitative and epistemological differentiation between Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī and 1,001 Nights! It is not all literature and intertextuality. Such is only one of many unsound doctrines of which it is hoped IEQ shall serve as the antidote of choice in our time.

Gibril Fouad Haddad

University Brunei Darussalam

Sultan Omar Ali Saifuddien Centre for Islamic Studies

A Note about the IEQ Project

The Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qur’an (IEQ) is the first English language encyclopedia of the Qur’an that presents all concepts, persons, events, places, and things mentioned in the Qur’an from within the Muslim tradition of Qur’an interpretationon over the last 1400 years. The project was launched by the Center for Islamic Sciences (CIS), Canada, in 2009. The first volume was published in 2013 and it received wide-ranging recognition as a superb work of scholarship. In 2020, IEQ was reconfigured as an open-access online work. Imitation leather print version of Volume 1 is available for purchase at IEQ website.

IEQ employs English-language titles for most of its entries and its extensive cross-referencing facilitates a fuller understanding of the message of the Qur’an. It draws its entries from the thematic structure of the Qur’an, integrates fourteen centuries of scholarship, and presents a breadth of authoritative knowledge on the Qur'an. With almost one fifth of its anticipated 515 entries completed, IEQ is an unmatched source of fully documented explanation of all concepts, persons, places, events and things mentioned in the Qurʾān.

Conventions

The Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān devotes individual entries to most concepts, persons, places, events, and things mentioned in the Qurʾān, but in some cases these may be subsumed under another entry or combined into a single entry. For instance, discussion of abortion is found under Child-Bearing; the pre-Islamic chieftain Abraha is not mentioned in the Qurʾān by name but appears in the exegetical and biographical literature in reference to Q 105 (al-Fīl, “the Elephant”), and so is discussed under the entry People of the Elephant. Blind entries direct readers to the appropriate title (e.g., “Anti-Christ, see Dajjāl”; “Apocalypse, see Resurrection”). In some cases, individual mentions are collectively presented: for example, the entry on Animals includes all thirty-two animals and categories of animals mentioned in the Qurʾān in a single entry.

IEQ employs English-language lemmata for most of its entries, but certain Qurʾānic terms as well as all Qurʾānic proper names have been retained in original Arabic form because of their distinct semantic associations. Recognizing that this may pose difficulties to readers unfamiliar with the original names or terms, all such entries are extensively cross-referenced and internally related. Thus the entry for the Prophet ʿĪsā, upon him peace, is found alphabetically under “I”, with cross-references under “C” (“Christ, see ʿĪsā”) and “J” (“Jesus, see ʿĪsa”); the entry for the distinctive Islamic term iḥsān is listed alphabetically, its approximate translations, such as “Excellence” and “Perfection”, are cross-referenced to the entry title. Likewise, the entry for Laylat al-qadr is listed under Night of Qadr and cross-referenced at the common approximations (“Night of Destiny”, “Night of Power”).

In certain cases, this convention may not appear straightforward. For instance, Hijra, Anṣār, and Muhājirūn are respectively translated as “Emigration”, “Helpers”, and “Emigrants”; but their distinctive Islamic usage is lost in such generalizing translations because these Qurʾānic terms refer to a specific event and specific groups of people. These terms are, therefore, transliterated, not translated, while their approximate English renditions provide cross-references. IEQ entries often provide both translations and transliterations of key terms or turns of phrase, in order to at once facilitate search and accessibility. Arabic words which have become part of the English language and are found in major dictionaries are not italicized, including such words as Hajj, Hijra, Ramadan, Sunna, and sura.

Finally, cross-references within each entry indicated by (q.v.)—quod vide—direct readers to additional entries pertaining to the topic under discussion. For example:

They had lived in Yathrib (q.v.) for many generations before the Hijra (q.v.) of the Prophet to their city in 622 CE. They were two distinct parts of the first Islamic polity in Madina (q.v.) which came into existence through the fusion of these two communities, establishing a high level of spiritual kinship, mutual support, and friendship.

Bibliographic References

A key feature of IEQ is its extensive documentation; it has brought a large number of classical and traditional sources in the contemporary discourse on the Qurʾān. References to the Qurʾān provide sura and verse numbers, and all translations from the Qurʾān are italicized without being bound by quotation marks. Thus Q 2:6 refers to the sixth verse of Sūrat al-Baqara: As for the disbelievers, it is the same for them whether you warn them or warn them not: they do not believe.

Frequently cited sources are abbreviated. Where a publication does not contain the Common Era date, only the Hijri date is given.

In-line references to Qurʾān commentaries provide the author name and title followed by reference to the Qurʾānic verse commented upon, unless it is implicit from the context. For example:

The calligraphy of the basmala developed into an ornate genre in its own right, partly due to its merits and ritual significance. The Umayyad caliph ʿUmar b. ʿAbd al-ʿAzīz (ca.62-101/682-720; r. 98-101/717-720), an eminent scholar in his own right and great-grandson of ʿUmar b. Al-Khaṭṭāb, used to tell his calligraphers: “Honoring the speech of Allah Most High, lengthen the bāʾ, write the sīn distinctively, keep a distance between [the two letters], and make the mīm circular” (Thaʿlabī, Kashf, fī faḍl al-tasmiya, sub Q 1:1; Zamakhsharī, Kashshāf, sub Q 1:1). Abū Khālid b. Yazīd al-Murādī comments that the reason why the bāʾ is lengthened is that the alif is elided, its length being incorporated into the bāʾ (Zamakhsharī, Kashshāf).

In-line references to Hadith collections and commentaries similarly provide the author name, title of the book, and bāb. The titles of the following hadith collections are often presumed (and only seldom listed when needed for additional clarity): the Muwaṭṭāʾ of Imam Mālik, Ṣaḥīḥ al-Bukhārī, Ṣaḥīḥ Muslim, the Sunans of Ibn Mājah, Abū Dāwūd, al-Tirmidhī, and al-Nasāʾī, and the Musnad of Aḥmad b. Ḥanbal. For example:

ʿUmar b. al-Khaṭṭāb saw a similar dream (Tirmidhī, Ṣalāt, mā jāʾa fī badʾ al-adhān; Ibn Ḥajar, Fatḥ al-bārī, qawluhu bāb badʾ al-adhān; Aḥmad, Musnad Abī Bakr al-Ṣiddīq 1:218 §45).

In-line references to lexicons note the consonantal root, unless it is implicit from the context. For example:

The Qurʾānic collective noun for birds, al-ṭayr, is mentioned twenty times (singular ṭāʾir, plural ṭayr, ṭuyūr, and aṭyār). Lexically, al-ṭayr refers to “two-winged animals that fly,” though the category includes flightless birds (Ibn Manẓūr, Lisān, sub ṭ-y-r).

Animals, dawābb, singular dābba, often used specifically for mounts, from the root d-b-b, contracted verbal form dabba, “to tread the earth,” aortive yadibbu, infinitive noun dabīb (Jawharī, Ṣiḥāḥ).

Verse, bāb, and consonantal root references respectively suffice in lieu of page numbers for Qurʾān commentaries, hadith collections, and lexicons, given the multiple editions (and hence conflicting paginations) often available. All other in-line references provide volume and page numbers—for example, “Ibn ʿAbd al-Barr, al-Istīʿāb 2:747-748” and, for single-volume works, “Ibn Jubayr, Riḥla p. 127.”