Заповедные месяцы

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Запре́тные ме́сяцы (ар. شهر حرام‎)

ashhur al-ḥurum

Мекка: The sacrifice at the close of the pilgrimage (q.v.) was transferred, however, to the valley of Minā during the lifetime of Muḥammad himself, in the ceremonies at the end of the year 10/632, which took place shortly before his death (see farewell pilgrimage). This move was a political decision — to bring together in a single trip two pilgrimages that had been hitherto separated, both in time and location, that is the pilgrimage of the people of Mecca and of other places in western Arabia and the pilgrimage of the surrounding nomads. Thus the «holy month» (in the singular; see months) is mentioned several times in the Qurʾān, when dealing with the rites of the Kaʿba (q 2:196, 217); this may be a reference to the rites of spring of the seventh month (Rajab), which took place exclusively on the site of Mecca. On the other hand, it is the bedouin ritual (of ¶ autumn), ʿarafāt, which is clearly intended in q 2:197-9. The nomads' religious calendar had three holy months when they were forbidden to mount their normal raiding parties (see fighting; war): the eleventh and twelfth months of the current year and the first month of the following year. q 9:2, 5, 36 mention four holy months, thus adding the holy period of those who lived in a settled location to the three successive months of the nomads. As for the seasonal separation of the «intercalary month» (nasīʾ), clearly an anti-bedouin measure, this was proclaimed only at the very end of the Medinan period, when the Medinan tribal confederation had gained effective control of the entire region (q 9:37).

Литература

• Sacred Months // Integrated Encyclopedia of the Qurʾān. — Sherwood Park: CIS, 2013—. — Vol. V (P—So). (англ.)