Обсуждение:Инцест
Encyclopaedia of the Qurʾān
| Воспитание — Доверение ребёнка приемным родителям. В Коране нет технического термина для усыновления. Поскольку формальное усыновление детей (qv) запрещено (q 33: 4-5, для знакомства см. Bell, ii, 409, 411, 415), обсуждение qur'ānic фокусируется исключительно на запрете мужчине жениться на женщинах, с которыми он способствуют отношениям определённого типа (см. запрет, брак и развод).
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Fosterage — Entrusting a child to foster parents. There is no technical term in the Qurʾān for fosterage. As formal adoption of children (q.v.) is forbidden (q 33:4-5; for dating see Bell, ii, 409, 411, 415), the qurʾānic discussion focuses exclusively on the prohibition for a man to marry women with whom he has foster relationships of a certain type (see …).
According to q 4:23 (from years 4-5 a.h., cf. Bell, i, 66, 71) a man is not allowed to marry his step-daughters (rabāʾib, sing. rabība, «a man’s wife’s daughter by another husband…» [Lane, 1005] whom the new husband rears as his own [see Bayḍāwī, Anwār, ad q 4:23; Robertson-Smith, Kinship, 196-7, n. 3]) unless his marriage with their mother(s) has not been consummated. It is also forbidden, by the same verse, for a Muslim man to marry his foster (milk) mothers and foster (milk) sisters (see …), i.e. females who were breast-fed by the same foster ¶ mother(s). These, as well as the prohibition of marriage with one’s father’s wife (q 4:22), wife’s mother, son’s wife, and marriage with two sisters at the same time (q 4:23), represent the negative qurʾānic attitude towards «incest du deuxieme type» (Héritier, Les deux soeurs, 87-91). Muslim exegetes, commenting on q 4:23, raise different legal questions (see …) stemming from the qurʾānic prohibition of marriage with one’s wife’s daughter. For instance, whether dakhaltum bihinna («[wives to whom] you have gone in») refers necessarily to full sexual relationships (see …) or also to intimate contacts, not involving penetration (see, e.g. Ṭabarī, Tafsīr; Zamakhsharī, Kashshāf); or, in the light of the expression fī ḥujūrikum ("those who are under your care, protection, " lit. «held in your bosom»), whether or not a Muslim man is allowed to marry his wife’s daughter (by another man) who has not been under his care, living, for example, outside his own house (see, e.g. Ibn Kathīr, Tafsīr; see …). Although q 4:23 explicitly mentions only foster (milk) mothers and foster (milk) sisters, Qurʾān commentators, relying on ḥadīth (see …), explain the verse as intended to duplicate for milk relationships the list of those blood relatives with whom a Muslim is forbidden to contract marriage (see, for instance, Rāzī, Tafsīr, ad q 4:23). Thus the Qurʾān, and later on ḥadīth, add a unique element — which may have been rooted in pre-Islamic Arabic custom — to a long Semitic tradition of impediments to marriage, extending the range of incest beyond its parameters in Judaism and Christianity (see …). Viewed in the light of q 4:23, the ruling formulated by various ḥadīth reports in this regard (for instance, inna llāha¶ ḥarrama min al-riḍāʿi mā ḥarrama min al-nasab) was understood to mean that to the list of women a man is forbidden to marry because of foster (milk) kinship are added his milk niece (maternal and paternal), milk aunt, milk daughter and the milk mother of his wife. It was also forbidden for a man to be married to, or to own, simultaneously two women who were milk sisters (see Giladi, Infants, 24-33). See also kinship . |
Avner Giladi
- Primary
- Bayḍāwī, Anwār
- Ibn Kathīr, Tafsīr
- Rāzī, Tafsīr
- Ṭabarī, Tafsīr
- Zamakhsharī, Kashshāf
- Secondary
- Bell
- A. Giladi, Infants, parents and wet nurses. Medieval Islamic views on breastfeeding and their social implications, Leiden 1999
- F. Heritier, Les deux soeurs et leur mere. Anthropologie de l’inceste, Paris 1994
- Lane
- W. Robertson-Smith, Kinship and marriage in early Arabia, London 1907
- J. Schacht/J. Burton, Raḍāʿ, in ei2, viii, 361-2
- G.H. Stern, Marriage in early Islam, London 1939